The war in the Middle East has increased the price of bitumen, the material used to make asphalt and road surfaces. The effects of higher prices and longer delivery times are being felt across Africa, where few countries produce their own bitumen. In Madagascar, as in many African nations, bitumen is imported and essential for road construction; without it, asphalt cannot be made. Reinforced concrete is an alternative, but it is considered unaffordable. Geography shaped Madagascar's bitumen supply; Gulf producers were the primary source, with European supplies playing a secondary role. According to modernghana.com, European bitumen has replaced Gulf sources as the primary supply for Madagascar. Firms in Madagascar, Guinea, and Cameroon are renegotiating contracts, absorbing rising expenses, and rethinking supply management due to the increased costs and delays.