India faces expanding submarine fleets from Pakistan and China, according to multiple sources. In response, the Indian Navy is revising its 30‑Year Submarine Building Plan, which was originally established in 1999 after the Kargil conflict to produce 24 conventional submarines by 2030 (Defence.in). The revised strategy emphasizes advanced nuclear‑powered attack submarines (SSNs) and conventional vessels equipped with Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems (Defence.in), and adopts a “High‑Low” fleet structure that pairs elite nuclear submarines with conventional vessels (Defence.in).

India’s current maritime surveillance relies on a dozen P‑8I Poseidon aircraft, with six more on order, and it expects to receive 15 MQ‑9 Sea Guardian drones from a 2024 U.S. deal (IDRW.org). A new anti‑submarine warfare Eurodrone variant is being jointly developed by Japan’s Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Airbus, according to Times of India. The proposed Eurodrone will adapt Europe’s first Large Long Endurance Remotely Piloted Aircraft System to meet the Japanese Ministry of Defence’s maritime surveillance and anti‑submarine warfare requirements (The Defense News). Integration of the Eurodrone could enable manned–unmanned teaming, where drones conduct wide‑area detection while manned aircraft execute targeted responses (IDRW.org).